Mini Rev Med Chem — Thurmond RL. The histamine H4 receptor: from orphan to the clinic. Front Pharmacol Mol Pharmacol — Molecular and cellular analysis of human histamine receptor subtypes. Trends Pharmacol Sci — Tiligada E. Editorial: is histamine the missing link in chronic inflammation? J Leukoc Biol —6. The H1 histamine receptor regulates allergic lung responses.
J Clin Invest — Human skin mast cells express H2 and H4, but not H3 receptors. J Invest Dermatol — The influence of mast cell mediators on migration of SW cervical carcinoma cells. J Pharmacol Sci — Gut — Histamine reduces susceptibility to natural killer cells via down-regulation of NKG2D ligands on human monocytic leukaemia THP-1 cells.
Effects of benzalkonium chloride on histamine H1 receptor mRNA expression in nasal epithelial cells. Auris Nasus Larynx —8. J Pharmacol Exp Ther —7. Evidence for ligand-specific conformations of the histamine H 2 -receptor in human eosinophils and neutrophils. Biochem Pharmacol — Vannier E, Dinarello CA. Histamine enhances interleukin IL induced IL-1 gene expression and protein synthesis via H2 receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Comparison with IL-1 receptor antagonist.
J Clin Invest —7. Histamine enhances interleukin IL induced IL-6 gene expression and protein synthesis via H2 receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
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Is antihistamine H1-receptor antagonist therapy useful in clinical asthma? Clin Exp Allergy 29 Suppl 3 — Kanda N, Watanabe S. Histamine enhances the production of nerve growth factor in human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol —7. H1 histamine receptor mediates inflammatory responses in human keratinocytes. Human memory Th17 cells express a functional histamine H4 receptor. Am J Pathol — Inverse agonism of histamine H2 antagonist accounts for upregulation of spontaneously active histamine H2 receptors.
Histamine deficiency induces tissue-specific down-regulation of histamine H2 receptor expression in histidine decarboxylase knockout mice.
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Clin Sci Lond — Behavioral characterization of mice lacking histamine H 3 receptors. Recent advances in molecular pharmacology of the histamine systems: physiology and pharmacology of histamine H3 receptor: roles in feeding regulation and therapeutic potential for metabolic disorders. J Pharmacol Sci —8. Therapeutic potential of histamine H3 receptor agonist for the treatment of obesity and diabetes mellitus. Central histamine H3 receptor signaling negatively regulates susceptibility to autoimmune inflammatory disease of the CNS.
Lieberman P. The basics of histamine biology. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol S2—5. Localization and function of histamine H3 receptor in the nasal mucosa. Histamine H3 receptor ligands break ground in a remarkable plethora of therapeutic areas. Expert Opin Investig Drugs — If you think your medicine has caused an unwanted side effect, you can report it through the Yellow Card Scheme. Speak to a pharmacist or GP before taking antihistamines if you're already taking other medicines.
There may be a risk the medicines do not mix, which could stop either from working properly or increase the risk of side effects. Examples of medicines that could cause problems if taken with antihistamines include some types of:.
Try not to drink alcohol while taking an antihistamine, particularly if it's a type that makes you drowsy, as it can increase the chances of it making you feel sleepy.
Food and other drinks do not affect most antihistamines, but check the leaflet that comes with your medicine to make sure. Some antihistamines may not be suitable in these cases. A pharmacist or doctor can recommend one that's best for you. Always read the leaflet that comes with your medicine to check it's safe for you before taking it or giving it to your child.
Antihistamines block the effects of a substance called histamine in your body. Histamine is normally released when your body detects something harmful, such as an infection. It causes blood vessels to expand and the skin to swell, which helps protect the body. Others are only available on prescription. These medicines come in a variety of forms, as mentioned above.
Your doctor or pharmacist will advise you on how to take your medication, including what dose and how often. Read the leaflet that comes with your particular brand for further information. All antihistamines work pretty well to reduce symptoms of allergy. Your doctor or pharmacist may advise or prescribe a particular antihistamine depending on the cause of your allergy and on whether you require a sedating or non-sedating medicine.
For other conditions, specific antihistamines may be used. For example, cyclizine and promethazine teoclate are used for feeling sick nausea and being sick vomiting , not for hay fever. Chlorphenamine is the antihistamine most used in an emergency situation such as anaphylaxis, and may be given by injection in this situation. An antihistamine tablet typically starts to work within 30 minutes after being taken.
The peak of effectiveness is typically within hours after being taken. This can vary depending on the reason for treating you. If you have hay fever you may take the medicine throughout the pollen season. Most people who take antihistamines do not have any serious side-effects. If side-effects do occur, they are usually minor.
The most common are:. For a full list of all the side-effects and possible interactions associated with your medicine, consult the leaflet that comes with your medication. If you think you have had a side-effect to one of your medicines you can report this on the Yellow Card Scheme.
You can do this online at www. The Yellow Card Scheme is used to make pharmacists, doctors and nurses aware of any new side-effects that medicines or any other healthcare products may have caused. If you wish to report a side-effect, you will need to provide basic information about:. Most people can take antihistamines safely. Antihistamines should not be used by people with a rare metabolic disorder called acute porphyria. In addition, they may not be suitable for people with liver or kidney problems.
First-generation antihistamines may not be suitable for men with prostate enlargement benign prostatic hyperplasia. They may also not be suitable for people with raised pressure in the eye acute glaucoma or who are at risk of glaucoma. Women who are pregnant or breast-feeding are usually advised not to take antihistamines.
This is because it is not known if they do any harm and studies cannot be done on women in this situation just in case. However, they are not known to cause harm. If certain conditions such as hay fever or morning sickness make you very unwell in pregnancy, the benefit of treatment may be more than the very small risk of any harm.
Your doctor would talk this over with you and prescribe one of the antihistamines believed to be safe in pregnancy if you choose to take one. Similarly, in breast-feeding women, in some cases the benefits may be more than the risk. Antihistamines do come through in small quantities into breast milk, although they are not known to cause any harm.
A full list of people who should not take antihistamines is included with the information leaflet that comes in the medicine packet. If you are prescribed or buy an antihistamine, read this to be sure you are safe to take it. Pollen is a very fine powder produced by trees, flowers, grasses, and weeds…. Neti pots have been used for many years as a remedy for allergies and other conditions.
Learn what the benefits are and how to practice nasal…. Researchers say allergic reactions to COVID vaccines are rare, and any such incidents can easily be treated at the vaccination site. Learn more here. Mold is a type of fungus that grows in moist areas and can trigger allergic reactions. Mold allergies are generally not life threatening.
Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. The 4 Best Natural Antihistamines. How do antihistamines work? Stinging nettle. Read this next. Medically reviewed by Zara Risoldi Cochrane, Pharm. Low-Histamine Diet.
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