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Elders can:. Promoting members gives them significant responsibilities. Screen your members carefully and promote only those you know and trust. For example, Co-Leaders can kick almost anybody in the Clan. Elders can kick out members. This leaves a lot of room for dirty politics if handled improperly.

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Your doctor will tell you if you need this test. You may need to repeat the hydroxyvitamin D blood test during treatment of vitamin D deficiency. This will show your response to treatment.

Treatment and prevention of vitamin D deficiency includes increasing your intake of vitamin D. You likely will need supplements to raise your vitamin D level. That is because it is hard to get enough vitamin D soley from your diet, and excess sun exposure can cause skin cancer.

In supplements and fortified foods, vitamin D comes in two forms: D 2 and D 3. While some research studies suggest that vitamin D 2 may be less potent, either form can be effective at recommended doses. Vitamin D comes in pills, gelatin capsules, or a liquid for children, alone or in a multivitamin.

The oral dose is once daily or weekly. Children with rickets or at risk of this disease may get vitamin D injections shots a few times a year. The treatment dose of vitamin D depends on your age, how low your blood vitamin D level is, and what is causing the level to be low. Most often your doctor will lower the vitamin D dose after six to eight weeks of treatment.

Vitamin D treatment can improve bone, body composition how much lean muscle mass an individual has , and quality of life in patients with vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D treatment is very safe. Patients with a chronic granuloma-forming disease and some patients with lymphoma who receive vitamin D treatment may get too much calcium in their blood or urine.

Careful monitoring of blood vitamin D levels will help check for this possible problem. However, individuals at risk of low vitamin D may need more than the RDA. Therefore, The Endocrine Society guidelines suggest intakes the amounts of vitamin D an individual should consume for at-risk people.

The table shows both sets of advice and the upper limit highest intake thought to be safe. For most people, there is no downside to taking vitamin D supplements. Getting too much vitamin D is uncommon at the recommended intake. An overdose of vitamin D is possible, though, when daily supplements exceed the suggested upper limits.

It is therefore important that you take the dose of vitamin D that your doctor recommends. Excess vitamin D can cause calcium deposits, nausea, vomiting, itching, increased thirst and urination, weakness, and kidney failure. To prevent vitamin D deficiency, make sure you get at least the RDA through supplements and the foods you eat.

Vitamin D supplementation of to IU per day reduces falls in older adults. Vitamin D supplementation of to IU per day reduces fractures in older adults. To prevent vitamin D deficiency, the recommended intake of vitamin D is IU per day for infants and children with inadequate sun exposure, and to IU per day for adults with inadequate sun exposure. Maintenance dosages of to 1, IU of vitamin D per day are recommended for adults with vitamin D deficiency, except in those with malabsorption syndromes.

In adults, vitamin D deficiency is defined as a serum hydroxyvitamin D level of less than 20 ng per mL 50 nmol per L , and insufficiency is defined as a serum hydroxyvitamin D level of 20 to 30 ng per mL 50 to 75 nmol per L.

There are two forms of vitamin D: vitamin D 2 ergocalciferol , which comes from irradiation of the yeast and plant sterol; ergosterol; and vitamin D 3 cholecalciferol which is obtained from oily fish and by skin synthesis.

There are few dietary sources that contain vitamin D 2 Table 1 1 ; therefore, it is difficult to maintain adequate levels of vitamin D from dietary sources alone.

Humans typically obtain 90 percent of vitamin D from sunlight. Information from reference 1. Vitamin D deficiency in adults was previously thought to be limited to older persons living in institutions, but recent evidence suggests otherwise. Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency are listed in Table 2. Medication use that alters vitamin D metabolism e.

Information from references 4 and 5. The interactions between parathyroid hormone, serum calcium, and vitamin D are outlined in Figure 1.

Without the presence of activated vitamin D, normal bone metabolism is altered so that only 10 percent of calcium and 60 percent of phosphorus is absorbed. Vitamin D deficiency causes bone to demineralize. In children, bones soften over time and become deformed, leading to growth retardation, enlargement of the epiphyses of the long bones, and leg deformities.

Because vitamin D receptors are present in skeletal muscle, deficiency may also lead to proximal muscle weakness; an increased risk of falls; global bone discomfort, often elicited with pressure over the sternum or tibia; and low back pain in older women. Bone discomfort or pain often throbbing in low back, pelvis, lower extremities. Information from references 1 , 4 , and 8 through In a randomized controlled trial RCT of nursing home residents, patients who received IU of vitamin D daily had a 72 percent reduction in falls compared with the placebo group.

The number needed to treat to prevent one fall was seven, and the impact was noted primarily in less active women. In adults 65 years and older, more than 90 percent of hip fractures are caused by falling, and the one-year mortality rate for persons with hip fractures is 20 percent. Clinical research suggests that the optimal daily dosage for adults in this age group is approximately to IU.

A meta-analysis of 12 RCTs followed more than 19, persons older than 60 years living in ambulatory and institutional settings. A vitamin D dosage of to IU per day reduced the relative risk of hip fracture by 26 percent and the relative risk of nonvertebral fracture by 23 percent, compared with calcium supplementation alone or placebo. No significant benefit in fracture reduction was observed at a dosage of IU per day. In an RCT of community-dwelling men and women 65 to 85 years of age, persons taking vitamin D had a statistically significant decrease in osteoporotic fractures, particularly in women.

Research suggests that suboptimal vitamin D levels are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. There was a 62 percent higher risk of cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension whose hydroxyvitamin D level was less than 15 ng per mL 38 nmol per L , compared with those whose level was 15 ng per mL or greater. Clinical trials are needed to determine whether vitamin D supplementation has a role in preventing cardiovascular events.

Vitamin D receptors have a broad tissue distribution, which includes colorectal tissues. In vitro studies have reported that colon cancers are responsive to the antiproliferative effects of 1,dihydroxyvitamin D. Evidence from the Women's Health Initiative RCT suggests that a modest dosage of calcium 1, mg per day and vitamin D IU per day does not affect the risk of colorectal cancer in healthy women at average risk.

Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to depression and decreased cognitive function. The best indicator of vitamin D status is hydroxyvitamin D because it is the major circulating form of vitamin D; it reflects cutaneous and dietary contributions; and it is thought to be a precursor for 1,dihydroxyvitamin D, the most active vitamin D metabolite.

To prevent vitamin D deficiency in persons with inadequate sun exposure, the Institute of Medicine has recommended adequate intake AI based on levels needed to maintain optimal bone health in all members of a healthy population. The current daily AI is IU for infants, children, and adults younger than 51 years; IU for adults 51 to 70 years of age; and IU for adults older than 70 years. All breastfed infants unless they are weaned to a minimum of 1 L per day All infants who are not breastfed and who are ingesting less than 1 L per day of vitamin D—fortified formula or milk.

All children and adolescents who do not get regular sunlight exposure; who do not ingest a minimum of 1 L per day of vitamin D—fortified formula or milk; or who do not take a daily multivitamin supplement containing at least IU of vitamin D. Information from reference Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin, and there are concerns about toxicity from excessive supplementation.

Widespread fortification of food and drink from the s to s in the United States and Europe led to reported cases of toxicity. Preventive Services Task Force states that dosages of vitamin D greatly exceeding the recommended AI should be taken with care.

To replenish serum hydroxyvitamin D levels in persons with vitamin D deficiency, one cost-effective regimen is oral ergocalciferol at 50, IU per week for eight weeks. Good article above, and add to my knowledge, once again thank you very much.

Best Regards MutiaraPublic. Manson should have noted that that policy has never been evaluated as to long term effects.

The most reasonably position seems to be expressed here …. Author information Abstract The IOM recommendations for vitamin D fail in a major way on logic, on science, and on effective public health guidance. Moreover, by failing to use a physiological referent, the IOM approach constitutes precisely the wrong model for development of nutritional policy.

The fact is most studies on vitamin d use only small amouts often the wrong type D2 instead of D3. ScienceDaily, 6 July One MUST get it from both sources….

I also had osteoporosis and very low bone density. Pay no attention of expert advice unless you want untreated osteoporosis. Number two, health care professions stand to loose billions of dollars of annual revenue if the vitamin D deficiency is corrected. In our modern society, many factors contribute to the likeihood that we do not have enough vitamin D: we do not go outside, sunblock, shirts, too hot , etc all of these inhibit vitamin D levels.

In my practice, patients that have had low vitamin D often have other nutritional issues as well, inclduing low iron, B12 deficiency, etc. It may be more benficial to have nutrient deficiencies evaluated versus multiple prescription medications to address just the symptoms, and not the underlying cause s. I also taken vitamin D off and on, after a blood test indicated that my vitamin D levels were low. I stopped taking vitamin D after reading mixed reviews.

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Get helpful tips and guidance for everything from fighting inflammation to finding the best diets for weight loss Stay on top of latest health news from Harvard Medical School. Recent Blog Articles. Calcium levels should be checked 1 month after the end of the treatment course.

Hypercalcaemia should raise suspicion that the patient has primary hyperparathyroidism; the patient should not take any more vitamin D and appropriate investigations should be instigated. It is up to the individual GP to decide which guideline they need to follow; however, it is clear that regular ongoing monitoring is not needed. Most people can buy vitamin D supplements over the counter and do not require routine monitoring.

People who have vitamin D insufficiency, and people with deficiency who have completed their loading dose, should take a maintenance dose of IU per day or IU, occasionally up to IU, for people with malabsorption disorders. Patients should be advised that the maintenance dose should be taken for life.

Exposure to the sun is a significant risk factor for melanoma, particularly if the patient has been sunburnt in the past, and there have been large public health campaigns to increase awareness of the need for sunscreen. Patients should be advised that sufficient vitamin D can be obtained by spending short periods of time in the sun without sunscreen during the summer months; 9 however, sunscreen is still advised for prolonged exposure.

People who are unable to expose their skin to the sun should be taking supplements all year round. Vitamin D toxicity is rare and is usually only seen in people who are taking very high doses for prolonged periods, but it is important that healthcare professionals are able to recognise the symptoms.

Symptoms include hypercalcaemia e. So far this article has concentrated on how GPs can treat patients with vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency, but many patients are willing to help themselves by making lifestyle changes. Information intended for UK healthcare professionals only. TRd Date of preparation: August

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This was not included on the show, nor was another friend meeting them to give them another 15 burner phones. Brilliant—especially when the people they were communicating with also started using burner phones, making tracing very difficult. At this point, they were obviously at an advantage, so the producers changed the rules. One team devises a strategy to help them win. Imagine if, a few days into Survivor season one and the producers told Richard Hatch to stop catching fish.

The more we learn about Hunted , the more it seems like a bunch of hooey. How do the hunters get access to private information? All reality blurred content is independently selected, including links to products or services. View Steam Achievements Includes 37 Steam Achievements. View Points Shop Items 3.

Points Shop Items Available. Publisher: Crytek. Share Embed. Read Critic Reviews. Add to Cart. Bundle info. Add to Account.

Hunt: Showdown - Cold Blooded. Add all DLC to Cart. See All. View Community Hub. The year is , and you are a Hunter tasked with eliminating the savage, nightmarish monsters that have infested the Louisiana Bayou. Play alone or in teams of two or three, as you search for clues to help you track your target and compete against other Hunters who are after the same reward. Kill and banish your target, collect the bounty, and then get ready for the showdown; once the bounty is in your hands every other Hunter on the map will be after your prize.

Show no mercy as you fight through a dark, ruthless world with brutal, period-inspired weapons, as you level up, unlock gear, and collect experience and gold for your Bloodline.

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This bibliometric analysis is part of the global NewQis-project and should illuminate both toxic and historic issues of research on curare. The ISI Web of Science was searched for data covering to using a term which included as many original articles on curare as possible.

Results are illustrated utilizing modern density equalizing map projections DEMP or beam diagrams. Most publications were located in North America and Europe. The USA has the highest number of publications as well as the highest h-index. The number of publications overall rose until the late s and later decreased. Furthermore, sudden increases of research activity are ascribable to historic events, like the first use of curare as muscle relaxant during surgery.

This scientometric analysis of curare research reflects several tendencies as previously seen in other bibliometric investigations, i. Research on curare decreased however, due to the declining attention towards this muscle relaxant. This work exemplifies also how scientometric methods can be used to illuminate historic circumstances immediately stimulating scientific research.

Curare is used for centuries by humans, and its toxic patho-mechanism [1] has been meticulously examined. This insidious neurotoxin has killed many humans and animals over the centuries. The indigenes of America used it over centuries for hunting and produced this poison, by boiling diverse plants, e. Chondrodendron tomentosum, Menispermaceae or Strychnos, according to traditional recipes.

The resulting paste was applied to arrowheads. Prey animals, struck by the poisoned weapons, died within a few minutes. Hence, it was just a question of time, until the underlying molecular mechanism aroused interest in European scientists as well as physicians [2] — [5]. But how did curare find its way out of the jungle onto European laboratory benches? In the 15 th century — the era of the conquerors — Christopher Columbus and his crew on behalf of the Spanish crown set sail to search for a western route to India, crossing the Atlantic Ocean.

Leaving the Canary Islands behind, they made landfall believing they found a seaway to East Asia. During the local expeditions, the crew came under fire from natives. Poisoned arrows hit two members of the crew. Both men quickly died in agony in spite of relatively small wounds. They discovered a brown paste on the arrowheads and assumed poison on the arrows, which hit their friends [3] , [4].

This was the time scientific research on curare started. Curare was prepared and distributed but still was a long process of experiments and failures until the mysteries of the poison out of the jungle of South America could be decoded. Walter Raleigh, Charles Marie de la Condamine and Claude Bernard became known for their investigations on curare and made eminent achievements on this scientific field and promoted the interest of anesthesiologists towards this toxin [2] , [3] , [5].

Especially Alexander von Humboldt played an important role in the history of curare. They were the first Europeans to be shown the tribal traditional production of curare. Humboldt accurately documented which instruments were necessary and how they were used, one of the best stories of medical history [7]. The two men trusted the experience and knowledge of the old Indian. He confirmed that neither the steam of hot curare preparations are toxic nor its ingestion. Humboldt decided to drink the potion and proved that only parenteral contact to curare is deadly [7].

In the 20 th century the molecular mechanism of curare as a competitive antagonist of nicotinergic neuromuscular synaptic junctions was finally elucidated. This non-depolarizing muscle relaxant, once in the circulation, quickly leads to paralysis including respiratory paralysis.

Prey animals could not run away once they were hit by an arrow, and died within a short period of time [8]. Curare wasn't used clinically for muscle relaxation until Although patients were anesthesized for surgery -the dentist William Morton successfully permormed the first general anesthesia on October 16 th [9] - the problem of muscle contractions was not solved.

Since curare could cause complete immobility of the patient and allowed the surgeon to operate under ideal conditions, it gained scientific popularity since the end of the 19 th century. The first clinical use of curare as muscle relaxant during an operation is reported on January 23 rd The anesthesiologist Harold Griffith injected a synthetic preparation of curare to a young man before appendectomy.

The era of muscle relaxants in surgery had started [10]. With the on-going rapid development of medical science new derivates could be synthesized with better pharmaceutical characteristics, so the original curare from Amazonia lost its relevance in modern medicine.

Still a lot of research was necessary to develop the modern drugs in current use. No scientometric analysis of the research on curare or its derivates exists. This study focuses on original articles of curare research since The results illustrate the development of scientific research activity of this neurotoxin over the decades; on the other hand we address the shift in research focus.

Classical bibliometric parameters are therefore used like the total number of published items for countries, authors, number of citations or the citation rate using novel visualizing methods like "density equalizing map projections". This work is part of the global NewQis-project [11] , testing methods towards their possible application for historical analyses. This scientometric analysis elucidates whether the success story of curare can be ascribed to single scientists like Alexander Humboldt alone or further factors being additionally accountable.

This analysis should also shed light on the research activity in this insidious but bygone tropical cause of death.

A qualitative analysis of the citation report function is also feasible. This strategy should focuse on curare; the chemical elements curium, "mercury" and transuranium elements were excluded.

In a second step the results were refined for the document type article excluding congress abstracts. The search was done on December 31 st , The collected bibliometric data was analyzed for the number of publications and citations as previously described [12]. For the geographical distribution the items "number of publication" as well as the "modified Hirsch-Index" h-index were calculated and the results illustrated by Density Equalizing Map Projections DEMPs , which were developed by Gastner and Newman [13].

The h-index was calculated from the number of publications and the citation rates. A country with an h-index of x has published x papers each being cited in other papers at least x times [14]. This index reflects both the number and the impact of publications making it particularly suitable as a bibliometric scale for the qualitative analysis of scientific research [15].

While based on conventional geographic maps, a DEMP displays countries or continent size proportional to a certain attribute, e. Using this procedure, complex data can be visualized in a very accessible and plausible way. Ultimately the diffusion-based DEMP is the representation of country sizes by a given factor as distorted geographical map [13] , [16].

Countries which more than five international collaborations were illustrated by a beam diagram, the width of the beams is proportional to the volume of cooperation. A journal analysis was performed similar to the author analysis. We identified the journals with the highest numbers of articles and citation rates and showed the number of citations per article for the top The citation rate was used as a qualitative marker comparable to the well known impact factor IF , which corresponds to a journal's citation rate of the last two years.

The original WoS content categories subject areas , which include articles regarding curare, were analyzed in decade periods to illustrate time shifts from to present. The shift of language use from up to now was illustrated analogously to the subject areas. Overall, 3, articles regarding curare are found in WoS. The development of the number of publications per year since is illustrated in Fig. From to the publication rate remains low at about 12 articles per year.

This value rises significantly in and peaks with 47 articles in coinciding with the clinical use of curare as muscle relaxant. Between and the publication rate decreases again to appr. Since it rises again with one peak in , and one in to Until curare articles were rarely cited.

Since then, citations increased constantly, with the first peak in citations. The number of citations per year reached its maximum in citations and decreased continuously afterwards.

The number of citations closely followed the number of publications. The number of publications for each country is illustrated in Fig. The USA has the highest scientific output worldwide with articles followed by the United Kingdom articles , Germany articles , Canada , France articles , the Netherlands articles and Japan articles.

The ranking of the number of publications using the h-index changes this order Fig. Whereas the USA is leading with an h-index of 62 followed by the UK 45 , Netherlands achieved an h-index of 34, Canada 32 and France 31 following closely. Overall, North America and Europe are the most prolific and the most influential countries in curare research. The percentage of articles originating from international collaborations of at least two countries increased continuously Fig.

The collaborations are visualized by a beam diagram in Fig. The USA 91 studies with international collaborations in general has the most collaborative articles overall, but the Netherlands 54 has more different collaboration partners. USA and Germany 45 share the strongest partnership with 18 articles.

Strongly internationally cooperating countries also are the United Kingdom 41 , Canada 24 and Sweden The 15 journals with the largest number of articles on curare and its derivatives are shown in Fig. The citation rate Fig. The content categories subject areas have connotatively changed over the decades Fig. The development of the article languages is illustrated analogously to the subject areas Fig. Until the dominating languages were French and German.

Afterwards English became the most relevant language for scientific research. This study evaluates and illustrates the scientific research of curare and its derivates from to Methods and techniques which have been developed for the NewQis-Project [11] also are tested for their suitability regarding historical examinations.

Some bibliometric parameters of curare research are identical to other topics [17] , [18] , i. Increasing publication output may be ascribed to modern technologies as the Internet, which provides additional scientific databases, publishing scientific results and accessing many different journals and publications has become much easier.

It also has to be noted that monetary incentives often support a high publication output. Consequently, the numbers of articles rises listed in the global databases. This analysis on curare exemplifies some additional features, which are exclusive for the research on curare.

For example, the first two peaks of publications per year Fig. The first peak around is three years after the first clinical use of a curare derivate as muscle-relaxant during an operation. The second specific rise in articles is appr. These events illustrate the reaction of medical research to new developments. In addition, the number of articles since decreased to 40 - 60 articles per year, a comparatively low level corresponding to the output of the s, and is a rare development in medical research, compared to other expanding medical fields e.

Small doses have been used to treat hypotension and irregular heartbeats. The African crested rat has been observed chewing on the roots and bark of the poison arrow tree. But rather than swallow the toxic mixture, this ingenious creature will smear it onto the spongey, absorbent hairs on its flank.

When threatened the rat will expose this area to a predator and entice it to take a bite. Even if the predator is lucky enough to survive the encounter, it will certainly think twice before taking on another crested rat. That was Jamie Durrani with the arrow poisons curare and ouabain. Get in touch with any comments — tweet chemistryworld or email chemistryworld rsc. A DNA researcher tells the story of how humans have shaped the evolution of living things on Earth.

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So unless you are covering yourself from head to toe in marker ink, you should be ok. They tend not to be toxic if ingested but if you have a small child who has ingested the tip of the marker then I would suggest a doctor visit just to be sure. If they have accidently written on their tongue or mouth or have licked their fingers after getting them covered in Sharpie markers then I would not be too concerned.

Tattoo artists use all sorts of skin markers when free-hand drawing tattoos on skin prior to using a needle. While some use brands such as Sharpie, there are other brands out there that are safe to use on skin as they are designed specifically for drawing on skin: DERMarker Removable Ink Skin Markers, Electrum Disposable skin markers and Squidster sterile skin markers. Find some skin marker supplies here. If you wish to draw on your skin or practice drawing tattoos then I would suggest medical grade skin markers.

If someone has drawn on your face while you were asleep, i can reassure you as someone who has woken up with a set of Sharpie eyebrows that you will be fine. No they can not give you skin cancer.

Sharpies do not penetrate the skin deep enough and do not modify skin cells or mutate skin cells. Without using any solvents or cleaning agents, it can take a few days to a week to stay on your skin, depending on your skin type and how frequently you wash. You can use some gentler cleaning agents but for quick results, use nail polish remover, rubbing alcohol or hand sanitizer. Your average Sharpie markers are generally non-toxic and xylene free. It is still best not to draw on yourself or inhale any marker vapors.

According to wiki , Xylene is a type of benzine chemical a petrochemical so it is flammable and toxic. Xylene is also a skin irritant and strips the skin of its oils. It is used as a solvent when used in permanent markers. It will not kill you but the cleaning process can be messy and I would not recommend using a Sharpie to draw on skin. To remove a Sharpie you will need an alcohol based cleaning product and that would not be good for your skin if you do this a lot or if you draw on your face with a Sharpie.

No it is not toxic but over-use and cleaning products can cause minor skin irritation problems long term. You may be killed from choking on a Sharpie but if you lick it once or accidently get it in your mouth you will not die from it.

When these markers come into contact with your skin, mild irritation can occur. Symptoms include redness, swelling, and itchiness. Also, permanent marker fumes can be irritating to your eyes, nose, and throat.

An accidental mark from permanent ink is unlikely to cause any adverse symptoms. These are also waterproof, but unlike your traditional Sharpie marker, there are no toxic ingredients included. Shop for skin-safe markers. Permanent marker will eventually fade with regular washing and natural oils from your pores. If you want to get rid of marker stains a bit quicker though, consider the home remedies above.

See a doctor if you develop any rashes or swelling from permanent marker stains on your skin. Henna dye can be used on your skin to create intricate, temporary tattoo patterns. But you may want to remove the henna dye from your skin quickly…. Hydrogen peroxide is one of several home remedies for earwax removal. Learn more about why this works, how to try it, and other treatment options.

Bleach can harm your lungs and absorb into your skin. If you come into contact with bleach on your skin or in your eyes, be aware of how to safely…. Accidentally swallowing or inhaling soap products can cause you to experience life threatening symptoms.

Learn whether you can safely microwave a sponge, get other sponge-cleaning tips, and learn some alternatives that may be more sanitary than a sponge.

Looking for an eco-friendly, multi-purpose cleaning solution for your home? An aqueous ozone cleaner may be just the thing. These products help make every room in your home feel a little more tranquil. Learn about the difference between sterilizing and disinfecting, how to keep your living spaces clean, best practices for fighting COVID, and more.

Alum blocks are crystallized blocks of potassium alum that can be used to help eliminate minor bleeding, inflammation, and razor bumps. When you buy through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Learn more. There are numerous ways we can use Sharpies as well as several extraordinary things people do with them. These mini tools are very versatile and can be used from signing documents, making autographs to creating various works of art.

Some even use them to draw their eyebrows, create special makeup effects, nail art, and even skin tattoos. Crazy it may seem, but others use Sharpies to make face pranks. Well, with its many uses and versatility, you may want to know or at least verify for sure if it is safe.

And for most of us, the smell of Sharpie-marked documents is refreshing. But are we sure that these vapors are even safe if inhaled or are these chemicals safe on the skin? Let us consider some of the facts right here. Generally speaking, Sharpie fine point markers are xylene-free and therefore non-toxic and safe to use on your skin moderately. But other types of Sharpie contain xylene and these markers are not intended to be used to draw on skin.

Their fumes are also to be avoided. Their xylene content is industry-grade and designed for heavy industrial or business use. These types are not intended for human skin.

The average type of sharpies is generally safe depending on the coverage of the skin where it was used. Anything used in excess to moderation or afar from its actual use may pose some disadvantages. Some tattoo artists use different colors and variants of sharpies to sketch their designs before implementing the tattoo arts on your skin with a needle; they make sure that these are the non-toxic types.

Xylene is a petrochemical used as a solvent that dissolves other substances like in the printing industry.

When properly stored, an unopened bag of chocolate chips can last for up to two years. Since most chocolate chips are semi-sweet or bittersweet, they are able to last longer than other chocolates.

This is due to the fact that semi-sweet and bittersweet chocolate contains less dairy. Chocolate chips can be stored at room temperature in a pantry for around months past the printed date on the bag. After this, the chocolate may begin to go stale and possibly lose its delicious flavor and texture. If a bag of chocolate chips is opened, be sure to store it in an airtight container or bag.

This will help them stay fresh for as long as possible. Be sure to keep your chocolate in a cool, dry area. Both heat and humidity can shorten how long they are good for. Chocolate that has melted and reharden often has an off taste, so avoid keeping it in direct sunlight or near a source of heat.

Out of all the types of chocolate chips, dark, bittersweet, and semi-sweet will last the longest. Since milk chocolate chips have a higher milk content, they will keep for about eight to twelve months when properly stored. Chocolate chips can be stored in the fridge for six to eight months past the expiration date. It is important to store chocolate in an airtight container if it is in the fridge.

If they are not properly stored, they can absorb the flavors of other food nearby. Chocolate chips can be frozen for around years if properly stored. Freeze them in their bag if they are unopened. If they are opened, freeze them in a Ziploc bag or an airtight container. You can add the frozen chocolate chips straight into your dough or batter.

In addition, you may also let them sit at room temperature for two hours at room temperature. Sometimes, chocolate may develop a white film or white spots. The precise answer depends to a large extent on storage conditions - store milk chocolate chips in a cool, dry area. How long do milk chocolate chips last at room temperature? Properly stored, chocolate chips made from milk chocolate will generally stay at best quality for about 1 year at normal room temperature.

Are milk chocolate chips safe to use after the "expiration" date on the package? Yes, provided they are properly stored and the package is undamaged - commercially packaged chocolate chips will typically carry a "Best By," "Best if Used By," "Best Before", or "Best When Used By" date but this is not a safety date, it is the manufacturer's estimate of how long the milk chocolate chips will remain at peak quality.

Storage time shown is for best quality only - after that, the milk chocolate chips' texture, color or flavor may change, but in most cases, they will still be safe to consume if they have been stored properly, the package is undamaged, and there are no signs of spoilage see below.

If milk chocolate chips have white spots or white film on the surface, are they still safe to eat? Dark chocolate, baking chocolate, bittersweet, or semi-sweet: The higher the cocoa percentage, the longer the shelf life. These chocolates will generally stay fresh for one to two years. Milk chocolate: So many holiday candies are made of milk chocolate.

It can last up to six months unopened. Have you ever come across an old bar of chocolate and noticed a chalky white color on the surface? Or something that looks like gray dust? There are two types of bloom: fat bloom and sugar bloom. Fat bloom happens when the chocolate is exposed to inconsistent temperature changes, causing that white film on the surface.

Sugar bloom happens when the chocolate is exposed to moisture, causing gritty-looking sugar crystals to form. And if there are any cracks on the surface, chances are that the chocolate is stale and past its prime. Use your best judgment: If it looks and smells like chocolate, it'll likely taste like chocolate.

Any questionable smells or mold is better off being tossed. Chocolates are best stored in a cool, dry place like your pantry. Too warm or too cold and your chocolates are bound to either melt, collect condensation, or start to mold.

Try rinsing your cherries just before eating them to extend their shelf life. They should last days in the refrigerator, but are very perishable and should be eaten quickly. I hope these cherry picking and storing tips will make for a long and fruitful cherry season!

We promise to only send you the yummy stuff. Chat with us! Fold in drained cherries immediately and fill jars with mixture without delay, leaving 1 inch headspace. Adjust lids and process immediately. Wash fruit. Cut in half and remove pits. Cherries can be dried safely without any pretreatment, but pretreating may preserve the natural color and speed drying. To pretreat: Ascorbic acid, available at drug stores, may be used.

Vitamin C tablets can be crushed and used six milligram tablets equal 1 teaspoon ascorbic acid. One cup treats about 5 quarts of cut cherries. Dip cut cherries in ascorbic acid solution. Soak for a few minutes, remove with a slotted spoon and drain well. Commercial antioxidant mixtures are not as concentrated as ascorbic acid but are more readily available in grocery stores.

Arrange fruit on drying trays in single layers, pit cavity up. Cherries will dry in 24 to 36 hours in a dehydrator, in the sun from 12 hours to four or five days, and in the oven from six to 24 hours.

Properly dried cherries are leathery and shriveled. Wash and pit pie cherries. Cherry-sugar mixture will form own juice. With a slotted spoon, transfer cherries to a drying rack. To vacuum pack the dried cherries, place in canning jars, attach lids loosely and place in a degree oven for 15 minutes, remove jars and tighten lids. This process is not a canning process, but simply a way of creating a vacuum seal for a food that is already shelf stable due to the lack of moisture and the high acid fruit.

Vacuum sealed food will last longer. Another alternative would be to add an oxidizer packet to the jar with the cherries and screw down the lid firmly. The oxidizer packet will create a vacuum seal. Some home vacuum sealers have an accessory to seal jars. Select ripe or slightly overripe fruit. Wash, pit, and drain well. Puree cherries in blender. Sweetener may be added in the form of corn syrup, honey, or sugar.

Sugar is good for immediate use or short storage. Sweeten to taste. Sweet cherries do not require as much added sweetening as tart varieties. Bring cherry puree to a boil. Line a plate or cookie sheet with edges with plastic wrap. Smooth out the wrinkles. Spread evenly. Place the tray on the center rack in an oven at lowest setting and prop oven door slightly open. Approximate drying time may be up to 18 hours. Watch the fruit carefully to prevent burning. Use specially designed dehydrator trays or plastic trays.

Line with plastic wrap. Approximate drying time is hours. Leather that is dry can be easily pulled from the plastic wrap. Fruit leather can be left on plastic or pulled from plastic wrap while still warm. Ensuring proper storage will keep your cherries good for longer. If you plan on using your cherries within a few days, they can be kept in the refrigerator. When refrigerating cherries, they should be allowed to breathe. Placing them in an air-tight container will cause condensation to form and can make them mold quicker.

They can be left in the packaging they were purchased in, as long as there are holes or punctures for them to breathe.

You will also want to ensure they are dried off prior to refrigerating them. Any excess moisture will cause them to spoil quicker. They should be kept in an area of the refrigerator with consistent temperature and away from odor-producing foods. A produce drawer is ideal. If it has been a few days and you can tell your cherries are about to go bad, you may want to try to preserve them.

A quick option is to freeze them. Instructions are detailed in the next section. Cherries last for 5 to 10 days in the fridge before going bad, if you store them in their right conditions in the fridge. Also, here are some post I think you will like to read on food, fruits, vegetables and juices shelf life. Cherries last for 10 to 12 months in the freezer before they can go bad, if you store them properly in their right conditions in the freezer.

Storing your cherry in the freezer gives it longer storage and increases the shelf life of your cherries. Always store them in the freezer to get the best from your cherries whenever you want to eat them.

Cherries will last indefinitely in alcohol, if you store them in their right conditions, they do not go bad easily. Most people like alcohol infused cherries maybe because of its health benefits or traditional recipe.

Read our top tips. When is it safe to take my baby out in public? Unless otherwise advised by medical professionals, you can take your baby out in public as soon as you feel ready to do so. The fragility and petiteness of your precious new baby may make this a daunting first experience but fresh air and a change of scenery will do you both good.

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See all in Preschooler. See all in Life as a Parent. See all in Video. You might also like You might also like. By clicking the button, you agree to our policies and to get emails from us. Join BabyCentre. Sign up to receive free emails and track your baby's development.

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See all in Video. Joanna Laurie's bag includes: diapers, clothes for the baby, clothes for mom, snacks, towel for mom, toiletries, maternity pads, iPad, water bottle, medical notes, a blanket and a maternity TENS machine for pain. Story highlights Parents' most common newborn mistakes involve car seats, sleep and burping Pediatricians offer advice on tummy time and fevers. Car seat safety.

Some parents make the mistake of not practicing various baby care chores before the baby comes. While how to change a diaper many be intuitive for most, not everything is. Take car seats , for example. Strollers, car carriers send thousands of kids to ERs. Figuring out how to correctly -- and safely -- install car seats can be a real challenge for many parents, so much so that many fire stations used to help parents with it. Today, fewer do so, but you can find a trained technician through the National Child Passenger Safety Certification site.

Read More. But even while parents may have purchased the seat, and even learned how to install it properly, birth educator Polly Gannon finds that some haven't gone to the trouble of using it before the baby comes. These are the states where infant mortality is highest. Eighty-six percent of those errors were in positioning the newborn in the seat, and most of those mistakes were "critical" and increased the child's risk for injury in any accident.

Over half of the families had older children, which should have given them practice for the task. For newborns, parents should make sure their infant's head doesn't flop forward, which could restrict breathing. That involves installing the seat at the correct angle to keep the baby's feet up, with the body reclined so baby can turn her head to the side and breathe normally. If the baby slouches down or to the side in the seat, the American Academy of Pediatrics suggests placing a tightly rolled receiving blanket on both sides of the baby, or using the newborn insert made for that car seat brand -- do not mix or match with other manufacturers.

Don't place a blanket or roll across the top of the baby's head or put padding under your infant. Back to sleep. Stop using crib bumpers, doctors say. The national " Back to Sleep " campaign of the s brought a great deal of attention to SIDS, or sudden infant death syndrome, and other sleep-related deaths among infants. Guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics insist that every baby should sleep on their back, in their own crib, without any toys or soft bedding.

During and after the campaign, sleep-related deaths sharply declined, but recent data shows the risk continues. Each year, some 3, babies continue to die from sleep-related causes. Tanya Altmann , author of the new book " Baby and Toddler Basics.

Not feeding on demand. Some new parents make the mistake of letting baby sleep too long between feedings, likely due to exhaustion and their own need to get a bit of rest. But that's a mistake, say experts. Myths about baby sleep and SIDS, debunked by an expert.

But in the first few weeks, babies do need to be woken up.