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Ann NY Acad Sci ; Kinetics, pharmacokinetics, and regulation of L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine metabolism. The role of the carnitine system in human metabolism. Comparison of the effects of L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine on carnitine levels, ambulatory activity, and oxidative stress biomarkers in the brain of old rats.
The role of carnitine and carnitine supplementation during exercise in man and in individuals with special needs. J Am Coll Nutr ; Supplemental carnitine and exercise. Carnitine and sports medicine: use or abuse? Delaying the mitochondrial decay of aging with acetylcarnitine.
Feeding acetyl-L-carnitine and lipoic acid to old rats significantly improves metabolic function while decreasing oxidative stress. Meta-analysis of double blind randomized controlled clinical trials of acetyl-L-carnitine versus placebo in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease.
Int Clin Psychopharmacol ; Therapeutic effects of L-carnitine and propionyl-L-carnitine on cardiovascular diseases: a review. Carnitine and peripheral arterial disease. Metabolic treatment with L-carnitine in acute anterior ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. A randomized controlled trial.
Cardiology ; L-carnitine in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc ; European multicenter study on priopionyl-L-carnitine in intermittent claudication. J Am Coll Cardiol ; Propionyl-L-carnitine improves exercise performance and functional status in patients with claudication.
Am J Med ; A systematic review and meta-analysis of propionyl-L-carnitine effects on exercise performance in patients with claudication. Vasc Med ; Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis.
Nat Med ; L-carnitine supplementation for the treatment of fatigue and depressed mood in cancer patients with carnitine deficiency: a preliminary analysis. Potential role of levocarnitine supplementation for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced fatigue in non-anaemic cancer patients. Br J Cancer ; Carnitine in type 2 diabetes.
Carnitine increases glucose disposal in humans. L-carnitine improves glucose disposal in type 2 diabetic patients. Acetyl-L-carnitine improves pain, nerve regeneration, and vibratory perception in patients with chronic diabetic neuropathy: an analysis of two randomized placebo-controlled trials. Diabetes Care ; Acetyl-L-carnitine for the treatment of HIV lipoatrophy.
L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine in the treatment of complications associated with HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy. Mitochondrion ; Effect of L-carnitine on human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection-associated apoptosis: a pilot study.
Blood ; Acetyl-L-carnitine administration increases insulin-like growth factor 1 levels in asymptomatic HIVinfected subjects: correlation with its suppressive effect on lymphocyte apoptosis and ceramide generation. Clin Immunol ; J Peripher Nerv Syst ; Plasma carnitine in HIV-associated neuropathy. Most people supplement with to 2, milligrams of L-carnitine per day. Two grams 2, milligrams seems to be the sweet spot for long-term effectiveness without health risks.
You can find it in foods, liquids, powders, and even injections. While the best way to score nutrients is through diet and a healthy lifestyle, supplements can help. Your body absorbs L-carnitine from food sources more quickly than from supplements.
Sneak in some L-carnitine with a 3-ounce serving about the size of your palm of these meats:. Bonus: You can try ALL the flavors!
Start slow, with a 1,milligram dose per day. Cost is the main drawback to liquid supplements. Powdered L-carnitine supplements work well for those who already whip up a protein shake or smoothie in the morning.
Add a scoop 1, milligrams along with your collagen or protein powder. Injections and IV doses of L-carnitine are best left up to the pros. In a study of people who had an L-carnitine deficiency, switching from pills to IV therapy had a positive effect on cholesterol levels. Most medical research on humans taking L-carnitine has involved pills , so sticking to this supplement form gives you the highest chance of getting good results. Studies on leveraging that for weight loss have been mixed.
Of all the different carnitine types, L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine show the most promise. Supplements are a good idea for people with naturally low L-carnitine levels: older adults, vegans, and vegetarians. Vitamins and minerals are the foundation of good health — we break them…. If you don't get enough vitamin A, you could have a deficiency. This could happen because you're not eating enough in your diet, or because your body…. Omega-3 fatty acids are a group of essential polyunsaturated fats.
Further research is warranted in order to evaluate the biochemical, pharmacological, and physiological determinants of the response to carnitine supplementation, as well as to determine the potential benefits of carnitine supplements in selected categories of individuals who do not have fatty acid oxidation defects. Abstract L-Carnitine is an endogenous molecule involved in fatty acid metabolism, biosynthesized within the human body using amino acids: L-lysine and L-methionine, as substrates.
Publication types Research Support, Non-U. Am J Cardiol. Mills JL. Peripheral arterial disease. Propionyl-L-carnitine in intermittent claudication: double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose titration, multicenter study.
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Prevalence of carnitine deficiency and decreased carnitine levels in patients on hemodialysis. Blood Purif. A plasma long-chain acylcarnitine predicts cardiovascular mortality in incident dialysis patients. L-Carnitine supplementation for adults with end-stage kidney disease requiring maintenance hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
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Long-term effect of acetyl-L-carnitine for antiretroviral toxic neuropathy. HIV Clin Trials. Acetyl-l-carnitine in the treatment of painful antiretroviral toxic neuropathy in human immunodeficiency virus patients: an open label study. Acetyl-l-carnitine and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-associated neuropathy in HIV infection. HIV Med. Youle M, Osio M. A double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, multicentre study of acetyl L-carnitine in the symptomatic treatment of antiretroviral toxic neuropathy in patients with HIV-1 infection.
Tesfaye S, Selvarajah D. Advances in the epidemiology, pathogenesis and management of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. Preventing complications and treating symptoms of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Report No. Acetyl-L-carnitine for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Acetyl-L-carnitine improves pain, nerve regeneration, and vibratory perception in patients with chronic diabetic neuropathy: an analysis of two randomized placebo-controlled trials.
Diabetes Care. Effects of acetyl-L-carnitine and methylcobalamin for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial.
J Diabetes Investig. A double-blind, randomized phase II study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of acetyl-L-carnitine in the prevention of sagopilone-induced peripheral neuropathy. Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of acetyl-L-carnitine for the prevention of taxane-induced neuropathy in women undergoing adjuvant breast cancer therapy. J Clin Oncol. Two-year trends of taxane-induced neuropathy in women enrolled in a randomized trial of acetyl-L-carnitine SWOG S J Natl Cancer Inst.
A prospective study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral acetyl-L-carnitine for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy.
Exp Ther Med. Acetyl-L-carnitine undervalued in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy? Acta Oncol. Acetyl-L-carnitine supplementation and the treatment of depressive symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. Comparative safety of pharmacologic treatments for persistent depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
PLoS One. Serum levels of acyl-carnitines along the continuum from normal to Alzheimer's dementia. Clinical and neurochemical effects of acetyl-L-carnitine in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. Long-term acetyl-L-carnitine treatment in Alzheimer's disease. Double-blind parallel design pilot study of acetyl levocarnitine in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Arch Neurol. A 1-year multicenter placebo-controlled study of acetyl-L-carnitine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. A 1-year controlled trial of acetyl-l-carnitine in early-onset AD. Acetyl L-carnitine slows decline in younger patients with Alzheimer's disease: a reanalysis of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study using the trilinear approach.
Int Psychogeriatr. Hudson S, Tabet N. Acetyl-L-carnitine for dementia. Meta-analysis of double blind randomized controlled clinical trials of acetyl-L-carnitine versus placebo in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease.
Int Clin Psychopharmacol. Wijdicks EF. Hepatic encephalopathy. N Engl J Med. Nutritional interventions for treating cancer-related fatigue: a qualitative review. Nutr Cancer. Efficacy and effectiveness of carnitine supplementation for cancer-related fatigue: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Jeulin C, Lewin LM. Role of free L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine in post-gonadal maturation of mammalian spermatozoa. Hum Reprod Update.
L-carnitine levels in the seminal plasma of fertile and infertile men: correlation with sperm quality. Int J Fertil Womens Med. Use of carnitine therapy in selected cases of male factor infertility: a double-blind crossover trial. Fertil Steril. A placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial of the use of combined l-carnitine and l-acetyl-carnitine treatment in men with asthenozoospermia.
Placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial on the use of L-carnitine, L-acetylcarnitine, or combined L-carnitine and L-acetylcarnitine in men with idiopathic asthenozoospermia. Influence of oral vitamin and mineral supplementation on male infertility: a meta-analysis and systematic review.
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Ageing Res Rev. Efficacy of L-carnitine supplementation on frailty status and its biomarkers, nutritional status, and physical and cognitive function among prefrail older adults: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin Interv Aging. Dhillon RJ, Hasni S. Pathogenesis and management of sarcopenia. Clin Geriatr Med. Clinical relevance of skeletal muscle abnormalities in patients with cirrhosis. Dig Liver Dis.
Sarcopenia associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Bone Metab. Circ Heart Fail. L-carnitine supplementation in older women. A pilot study on aging skeletal muscle mass and function. L-Carnitine suppresses loss of skeletal muscle mass in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatol Commun. L-carnitine reduces muscle cramps in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. Can L-carnitine supplementation and exercise improve muscle complications in patients with liver cirrhosis who receive branched-chain amino acid supplementation?
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