They sailed first to the Kamchatka Peninsula where a ship was built for the exploration. In Bering sailed north far enough to discover that Siberia and North America Alaska were not connected. The Second Kamchatka Expedition was a very large scientific expedition. It was also led by Bering. The scientific expedition sent out smaller explorations to chart the coasts of Siberia, the Pacific, and several research expeditions.
Ships were sent to Japan and America to promote Russian interests. Bering reached Alaska in On the return journey they had to stop at Bering Island. Though he grew weaker each day, he continued to guide his men until his death on Dec.
He was buried on the island which now bears his name. Forty-five of the 77 officers and men of the St. Peter eventually reached safety in The various parties of the Great Northern Expedition obtained significant geographic and scientific information: the strait, now named for Bering, dividing Asia and America, was discovered; the Siberian coast from the White Sea to the Kolyma River was charted; and the coast of America from Prince of Wales Island to the Komandorskie Islands was entered on the map.
The most authoritative and interesting work on Bering is F. Peter Lauridsen, Vitus Bering: The Discoverer of Bering Strait , is an apologia and strongly biased, but it is valuable as one of the first Western accounts to use Russian sources.
Robert Murphy, The Haunted Journey , is a popular work. An account of the expedition by the man who succeeded Bering is in Sven Waxell, The American Expedition, with an introduction and notes by M. Michael A short account is in Clarence C. Hulley, Alaska, ; rev. All rights reserved. Great Northern Expedition Since Bering had not explored the coast of Siberia beyond East Cape, critics claimed that he lacked courage and initiative and pointed out that the relationship between Asia and America remained a mystery.
The expedition started out from Tobolsk on 15 May, as soon as the Siberian winter loosened its grip. Bering and his crew had to travel over 4, kilometers across forbidding and often frigid territory. Almost all the supplies for shipbuilding except for wood , had to be carried along, before the ships could be built and the final scientific sea voyage could begin. Weapons including eight cannons , anchors, other iron parts, ropes, sails, equipment, etc.
Only in very few cities and towns along the way would they be able to find supplies to keep the expedition alive. At Irkutsk, halfway through the expedition route, they procured the grain to serve as supplies on board, and packed horses to carry it the long distance from Yakutsk to Okhotsk. Transportation across Siberia had to go along different rivers and, in many cases, by rowing and pulling the barges upstream.
In between rivers, they trekked overland with all their supplies. At the next river, new barges or vessels had to be built. Corrupt local officials and the backward local labor force had to be mobilized to help, so that the expedition could stay alive and advance.
Moving men and supplies across Siberia, he reached Okhotsk in two years. In Okhotsk, which used to be just a cluster of huts on the Pacific, a ship was built that carried the expedition to the Kamchatka Peninsula where they constructed another ship, the St. Gabriel, and prepared for a voyage on the open ocean.
On 25 July the St. Gabriel put out to sea through the mouth of the Kamchatka River and cruised northward along the shore. On 9 August it passed the mouth of the Anadyr and on 21 August discovered a large island that was later named St. Lawrence Island. He then passed the Diomede Islands eastward rediscovering Ratmanov Island, which had been observed earlier by Dezhnyov. The St. Gabriel sailed further north of what is now known as the Bering Strait, but the sailors never actually managed to catch sight of the fog-hidden land on the American side of it.
Seeing that the continent of Asia was out of sight, Bering concluded that Asia and America were not connected, since at that point, by his estimation, "land does not extend farther northward, and no land can be spotted beyond the Chukot, or East, corner of the earth. If he had, he probably would have continued his expedition. Petersburg only to be criticized by admiralty officials for not actually having seen the American coast.
Five of his children died during this long trip back through Siberia. Nevertheless, Bering sought to undertake a second voyage. Bering marshaled about 10, soldiers, boatmen, carpenters, naval officers and scientists, plus many of their families, including his own - for a four-year trek across Russia. The members of the expedition were split up into four detachments, each assigned to its own section: from Arkhangelsk to the mouth of the Ob River, from the mouth of the Ob to the mouth of the Yenisey, from the mouth of the Lena River to the mouth of the Yenisey and from the mouth of the Lena River to Chukchi Peninsula and Kamchatka.
The latter resulted in abundant material in the fields of natural history, geography, cartography, history, archaeology, ethnography and linguistics — both in the form of written documents and of objects of nature and culture. The colonizing context in which the expedition was carried out, that is, expanding the Russian Empire, seeking trade and taxation, facilitated ethnographic research, dictated by Russian interests and the scholarly agenda of the academic members of the expedition.
The expedition's northern detachments described and mapped much of Russia's Arctic coastline from Arkhangelsk to Bolshoy Baranof Cape, east of the mouth of the Kolyma River. Peter and the St. Each ship had 14 cannons and was designed to carry 76 men. Bering's team spent three years building ships and the entire port city that sprang up because of it. His wife Anna Christina joined him in Okhotsk in That same year Ivan Yelagin was sent by Bering to the east coast of Kamchatka to build a base with houses and supply depots at Avacha Bay, later named Petropavlovsk, in honor of the two ships.
From there he led an expedition towards America in On 4 June Bering sailed from Kamchatka aboard the St. Peter with Lieutenant Aleksey Chirikov commanding the St. First the two captains headed southeast in search of the mythical da Gama Land, which was a prominent feature on an earlier map.
Unfortunately, by the time Bering had altered his direction to the northeast, they had sailed hundreds of miles south while missing the entire Aleutian chain. Meanwhile, on 20 June the two vessels lost each other in heavy fog and were separated. Chirikov sent men ashore, but they were never seen again. On 26 July Chirikov wrote that he and his men spotted "some very high mountains, their summits covered in snow, their lower slopes, we thought, covered in trees.
0コメント